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Clearly some abstract objects and universals must be rejected by Goodmanian Nominalism: sets or classes, structured propositions, structural universals; but the problem with these is not that they are abstract or universal but that they violate Goodman's principle that no two distinct entities can be composed of the same atoms.
For more on structured propositions, see the entry on structured propositions.[9] Any theory that construes propositions as structured entities would seem to face the problem of the unity of the proposition.
But in the case of a singular term which is directly referential, the constituent of the proposition is just the object itself" (Kaplan 1989a, p. 494; see also the section relating possible worlds and structured propositions in the entry on structured propositions).
It may strike some as odd that the views of Cresswell [1985] are included in an article on structured propositions since he explicitly argues against what he calls "the propositional account of belief".
Krakauer constructs impossible worlds as sets of structured propositions.
For an overview see the entry on structured propositions.
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And Cresswell's own views have much in common with the views of other (non-structured meaning) structured proposition theorists.
Since the structured proposition expressed by a sentence has a structure similar to that of the sentence and has as constituents semantic values of expressions occurring in the sentence, the theory of structured propositions allows for distinct necessarily equivalent propositions.
But of course structured proposition theorists do have views about the relation between a sentence and the proposition it expresses.
First, as was mentioned above, structured proposition accounts, unlike possible world accounts of propositions, allow for distinct necessarily equivalent propositions, and thus individuate propositions more finely than possible worlds accounts.
Because the structured proposition view arose in large part due to dissatisfaction with the then prevailing view of propositions, discussing this other account of propositions will help to illuminate structured proposition views.
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