If the spatial structures of exposure and disease incidence are similar, then the exposure effect may be confounded by the inclusion of spatial random effects [ 30- 32].
We considered PM2.5 total mass with lag structures of exposure on the same day (lag 0) and up to 3 days before (lag 0, lag 1, lag 2, and lag 3) and cumulative lags (lag 0 1, lag 0 2, and lag 0 3).
The spatial structure of each exposure surface was not assessed in a time-dependent manner, and thus variation in exposure for each subject was attributed solely to residential mobility.
Specifically, we used the structure of our exposure model along with historical input data on the model covariates to predict job-specific EC exposures for workers in the earlier study; we used the ratio of our model-based predictions to the measured values reported by Zaebst et al. (1991) to adjust for changes in work-related conditions over time.
w it is the population structure of the exposure of interest in the ith panel at survey time, t. v i is the unit-specific residual; it differs between units, but for any particular unit, its value is constant.
These comparisons denoted that the missing data structure of PM10 exposure levels was dependent on demographic and geographic differences, making extant NHANES III sampling weights not applicable to our analyses.
Data distribution includes the average level as well as other exposure metrics potentially relevant for health such as time spent above a certain threshold, rate of change, or other measures reflecting the intrinsic structure of the exposure as done in [ 32].
We corrected for measurement error using recently developed methods that account for the spatial structure of predicted exposures.
To ensure the correct contact structure and level of exposure, the non-participating members of the day care cohort were included in the statistical analysis.
Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was used to probe the structure of BSA following exposure to cationic and anionic polystyrene NPs.
