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A subset of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy have structural enlargement of their septal nuclei.
Although the research by Fulton and Baroldi showed ample evidence of their existence in the normal and pathological human heart, nothing much was known about the mechanism of their structural enlargement.
Repetitive focal uncaging of MNI-glutamate (4 ms pulses at 720 nm, 30 pulses, 0.5 Hz) when neurons are clamped at 0 mV results in structural enlargement of stimulated spine but not unstimulated control spines (spine volume at 10 20 min post LTP; stimulated spines: 141.3 ± 7.4% of baseline, n = 11 spines, p < 0.01; unstimulated spines: 106.4 ± 9.6% of baseline, n = 11 spines, p = 0.519 ).
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Consistent with previous results using RNAi, the authors show that postnatal loss of Cdc42 interferes with LTP-induced spine structural enlargements in juvenile animals.
Vascular remodeling can be a consequence of (cardio vascular disease and describes structural adaptation (enlargement or contraction) of the vascular lumen and vascular wall in response to various stimuli.
Similarly, the "cohesion" countries Spain, Portugal, Ireland and Greece have made clear that they are not ready to give up any of their share of the structural funds.Nor is enlargement the only test for the incoming presidency.
A number of age-associated structural changes (e.g. enlargement of mitochondria, alterations of the cristae structure, matrix vacuolization/densification) have been reported (Wilson & Franks, 1975; Herbener, 1976; Tate & Herbener, 1976).
This finding implies that frontal white matter is at the heart of increased structural connectivity associated to brain enlargement and higher cognitive capacities.
Importantly, lung function also physiologically declines during healthy aging [ 2] due to structural alterations such as the enlargement of the alveolar space leading to a condition called "senile emphysema" [ 2].
It is therefore plausible that long-term endurance sport practice or occupational physical activity may induce structural changes in the atrium (enlargement, fibrosis) that may create a favourable substrate for the disease.
Atrial conduction disturbances associated with structural changes, including fibrosis, chamber enlargement, and hypertrophy are well established, leading to increased vulnerability to AF. Decreased conduction velocity (CV) from fibrosis could promote re-entry by decreasing re-entry wavelength, since λ = CV × ERP (effective refractory period).
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