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Hence, we had to rely to a greater extent on structure similarity-based clustering, shared derived structural characters, and phyletic patterns of sequence superfamilies to reconstruct the evolutionary history.
The deletion of a full-length structure means that mutation and recombination remove so many structural characters of a full-length element that it can not be recognized any more.
hyemale belongs to a different subgenus than the previously sequenced E. arvense[ 26, 32]), we expected that this increased sampling would allow us to evaluate diversity in plastid genome structure and content and to resolve fern relationships using sequence and structural characters.
In order to polarize structural characters we assume the existence of a generalized evolutionary trend in RNA structure that maximizes molecular order.
Therefore, the '3 + 1' washing approach based on these IB structural characters was a simplified purification process.
They are highly immunogenic due to the particular, ordered and repetitive structural characters mimicking the nature of virus.
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The branches with less mtDNA change were also significantly shorter for the structural morphological characters, as measured with both ANOVAs (using four or seven categories of mtDNA change, p4Cat = 0.015 and p7Cat = 0.0003 respectively).
The variation of structural morphological characters was visually checked based on a multiple scaling analysis performed in XLSTAT 2007 (Addinsoft, Paris) using the absolute morphological distances calculated from the original data in PAUP*4.0b10 [ 42] (Additional file 5).
On the contrary, more structural morphological characters, including those used for species delimitation and recognition (other than male genitalia), seem to evolve at a rate proportional to time and are thus not related to speciation.
Structural morphological characters, often used for species recognition, have evolved at a rate proportional to that of the mtDNA, with no evidence of directional or stabilising selection according to our measures.
The unconstrained change of structural morphological characters and (to a lesser extend) paramere outline can be directly appreciated in the plots of the interspecific variation (Additional files 9, 10).
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