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These tasks were designed to induce asymmetric between-task competition, with the location task expected to be the stronger task of the pair.
Thus, our findings indicate that preparation for shape repetitions was less cognitively demanding than preparation for task switches or for repetitions of the stronger task.
Finally, this work shows that nestmate recognition has a stronger task allocation component than previously thought, as colonies can nearly always achieve perfect nestmate recognition if it is cost effective for them to do so at the colony level.
Allport and colleagues [ 16] have argued that the extra inhibition of the stronger task set is required to enhance performance with the weaker task set, and therefore, inhibition carries over to the next trial.
These CNV findings complement and extend existing theoretical accounts of switching asymmetries observed behaviorally, which have typically been taken to show that execution of the weaker task makes the switch toward the stronger task more difficult (Gilbert and Shallice 2002; Yeung and Monsell 2003).
Taken with the finding that CNV amplitude in our study tended to be increased on trials with faster RTs (cf. Lavric et al. 2008), these results suggest that the CNV provides an index of active intentional control and that advance preparation of the stronger task requires more intentional control than advance preparation of the weaker task.
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In particular, we aimed at delineating regions that showed significantly stronger task-dependent and task-independent connectivity with the anterior versus posterior cluster and vice versa.
Significantly stronger task-dependent and task-independent connectivity of the anterior versus the posterior cluster was observed for its left homotope region (MNI-coordinates: −30, 53, 12) and the ACC (MNI-coordinates: 9, 33, 18) (Fig. 3).
Neurons that show stronger task-related change in activity in unrewarded rather than rewarded trials have been observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the orbitofrontal cortex, the striatum, and the pars reticulata of substantia nigra (Schultz, 2004) and may participate in the implementation of such a reward inversion mechanism.
In contrast, the IPS, i.e., the parietal region more closely connected to the ventral seed, featured significantly stronger task-based and task-independent functional connectivity with bilateral ventral extrastriate visual cortex, the anterior insula, (pre-) SMA, and the posterior inferior frontal gyrus.
Conversely, significantly stronger task-dependent and task-independent connectivity of the posterior versus anterior cluster was again found for its left homotope region (MNI-coordinates: −42, 29, 23) as well as for a bilateral region in the IPS (MNI-coordinates: 36, −53, 44/−42, 29, 23; areas hIP1 and hIP3) (Fig. 4).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com