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In addition, more of the flavored solution was consumed when the experimental treatment was conducted in the home cage than in the experimental cage (Experiment 1), and there was stronger conditioning when the delay period took place in the experimental cages than in the home cages (Experiment 2).
Our first simulation approach has weaker assumptions about effect size and allele frequency, but stronger conditioning, while our second has stronger assumptions but weaker conditioning.
The stronger conditioning protocol consisted of three sets of high-intensity, 400 Hz trains of stimuli, which triggers a large LTP in WT rats in vivo that is both NMDA receptor- and voltage-gated Ca2+ channel-dependent [ 14].
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The concept received a rather frosty reception in academic and policy circles – an understandable response, given strong conditioning to think and act cyclically.
The neuroplastic changes caused by chronic nicotine administration or the strong conditioning to receiving nicotine in the home cage before CPP testing may underlie the weakened responsiveness.
As previous experiments have shown, DNIC requires a strong conditioning stimulus for pain attenuation, which may be at least partly dependent on a distraction effect.
Because DNIC has a greater effect on second pain than on first pain, we hypothesized that wind-up (WU) of second pain should be attenuated by a strong conditioning stimulus.
Our findings are relevant for the design of clinical protocols that exploit this system to reach significant engraftment by genetically modified HSC in the absence of in vivo selection or strong conditioning regimens.
Therefore, we aimed to achieve considerable freezing responses at the beginning of the extinction trial in both rat lines by using a relatively strong conditioning paradigm including five pairings.
Both virgin females of D. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis have a slightly higher proportion of 2-methyl hexacosane (2-MH) in their cuticular hydrocarbon profiles [ 21] than males, and hence D. persimilis may not provide a strong conditioning agent that can render male behavior in D. pseudoobscura.
Alternatively, a high level of 7-tricosene, a known anti-aphrodisiac for D. melanogaster males [ 17], in the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of D. simulans virgin females [ 18] can serve as a strong conditioning agent of male behavior in D. melanogaster [ 19]. 7-tricosene is the major component of the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of D. melanogaster males [ 20].
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