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CDI caused by this PCR-ribotype is characterized by strong toxin A and B production, presence of binary toxin genes, and, usually, a high level of resistance to fluoroquinolones (1 ).
First of all, to be explicit about the hazard we are trying to avoid, we illustrate the readily understood failure to control the pest if a strong toxin is applied throughout the entire habitat, i.e., there is no refuge at all.
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The fumes are particularly dangerous when the crude is fresh, because some strong toxins evaporate early.
The difficulty with this approach is the availability of strong toxin-neutralizing activity at the epithelial barrier.
"The question of why so strong a toxin is the same one we asked with our garter snake-newt studies [doi 10.1007/s00049-010-0057-z].
Streptolysin S is a strong cytolytic toxin that provides the ability for transepithelial migration [ 62] and sagA homologs have recently been shown to confer β-hemolytic activity in SA [ 3].
The imperative to clean up is strong: these toxins are directly linked to grave health problems, from developmental complications in babies and young children, to asthma attacks and long-term lung complications.
Strain 6850 produces strong α-toxin amounts as revealed on blood agar plates as well as in strains recovered from the intracellular survival assay (data not shown).
Genetic analyses have established a strong correlation between toxin production by Ptr and host sensitivity to the toxin and disease susceptibility to the pathogen, which underscores the "inverse" gene-for-gene nature of the Ptr-wheat pathosystem.
In HUS, stools or rectal swabs should be tested for Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) using culture on MacConkey agar and polymerase chain reaction to test for Shiga toxin (strong agreement).
No strong relationship between toxin type and minimum growth temperature or maximum NaCl concentration for growth was observed.
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