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Dots, plus signs, and open circles represent no spread F, weak spread F, and strong spread F events, respectively.
The new financing will also be used to grow its team — currently more than 200 people strong, spread over seven locations — and to invest in its tech platform.
Therefore, the ESF events based on the satellite measurements mostly correspond to the strong spread F events based on the radar measurements.
For the conditions of 17 March, we note a strong spread and total/partial absence of the reflecting echoes in ionograms for all considered stations.
In the observations, strong spread F echoes from broad unstable regions occurred after large upward evening drifts, and weak echoes from a shorter lived and narrower altitude unstable layer occurred following smaller upward evening drifts.
In the radar measurements, weak spread F irregularities are those below the F peak, often below 400 km, and strong spread F irregularities are those in the topside F region.
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The foF2 and h′F cannot be obtained during a strong spread-F (SSF).
At 02 UT (21 LT) strong spread-F echoes were recorded throughout the whole trace.
Strong spread-F traces are also visible on the ionograms simultaneously recorded, suggesting the occurrence of ionospheric bubbles during these campaigns.
The ionograms at Darwin and Yamagawa (20 km north of Sata) show strong spread-F signatures at approximately 16 to 21 UT.
The strong spread-F started at ~ 19.5 LT and lasted for over 9 h which could most probably be due to storm-related MSTIDs originated at high latitudes.
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