Pursuing this IV strategy, row (2) of Table 1 indicates that literacy is a very strong instrument for numeracy, with a point estimate of 0.85 in the first-stage estimation and an F statistics of over 61,000 in the pooled sample (shown in brackets at the bottom of each cell).
Last week figures from the OECD think tank indicated the 55-65 agroupoup in England had stronger literacy and numeracy skills than 16-24-year-olds 16-24-year-olds 16-24-year-olds 16-24-year-oldsqualifications.
Notably, the stronger association was with Numeracy and the weaker one with Literacy.
The results are illustrated (Fig. 2) by the data from the Czech Republic, where the patterns are particularly strong for both Literacy and Numeracy.
Whatever your views of the legitimacy of the progress achieved, and there is no denying that clever gaming of the system worked for some, parents got used to better teaching, a rich, creative well-resourced primary education, a stronger focus on literacy and numeracy, armfuls of GCSEs and the A-C grades rolling in.
As at age 11, mother's education is still exerting the strongest effect upon literacy and numeracy, albeit somewhat reduced in size from earlier.
As expected, the associations were stronger with TAIMI-num, the numeracy component of the TAIMI scale (Spearman's ρ, with Schwartz-J, 0.42; Lipkus-J, 0.46), than with TAIMI-all (Spearman's ρ, with Schwartz-J, 0.29; Lipkus-J, 0.33).
A growing body of literature documents the strong association of limited HL and numeracy with a wide array of poor health-related outcomes, knowledge, and behaviors [ 2].
In model 2, diabetes-related numeracy emerged as a strong predictor of A1C (r = −0.46, P < 0.001), reducing the association between African American and poor glycemic control to nonsignificance (r = 0.10, NS).
