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Mutation operator The strong mutation and weak mutation mentioned in Delahaye's work are used (see [3, 4] for the details).
The most recognizable symptom of Congenital Zika Syndrome — and the first sign that this particular outbreak of Zika involved a new and unprecedentedly strong mutation of the virus — is microcephaly, or an abnormally small skull.
That is, a strong mutation often has no apparent phenotypic effect only if multiple other genes remain functional.
Thirdly, the strong mutation bias may be associated with presence or absence of certain genes involved in chromosome replication.
Finally, the strong mutation bias may reflect as the strong cumulative excess of G over C plus T over A along the chromosome.
For strong mutation bias, at very low GC, this dependence is a consequence of the fact that the average hydrophobicity approaches its maximum value.
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This is consistent with mammary tumors in Wap-p53R172H; Rb1ΔL/ΔL mice having incomplete penetrance; some animals may not acquire sufficiently strong mutations.
We have examined whether the bias introduced by weak to strong mutations (AT to GC) influences the centrality results (Text S1).
Strong mutations in sd cause lethality, while hypomorphic mutant sd 1 flies are viable with a scalloped wing phenotype (compare Figure 4E with Figure 4C).
In this study, only residues with "strong" mutations are considered as hot spot and the others are regarded as non hot spot.
The following mutant alleles were used and are null or strong mutations: crb (Tepass et al., 1990); sdt XP96 (Muller and Wieschaus, 1996); baz (Muller and Wieschaus, 1996); aPKC K06403 (Wodarz et al., 2000); par-6 Δ226 (Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001).
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