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At baseline patients had a relatively strong illness identity, consequences and negative emotions with mean RD-IPQ scores of 58.2 (SD 14.9).
Scharloo [ 28] and colleagues have concluded that outpatient COPD patients who have a strong illness identity and strong beliefs regarding the consequences of their illness have worse general functioning and HRQoL.
Botha-Scheepers et al. [ 20] reported that a strong illness identity (perception of more symptoms), serious consequences and chronic time-line, were associated with more limitations in activity levels in people with OA.
The results of multiple regression with the MHAQ, NRS and SF-36 as dependent variables at baseline shows that having a strong illness identity, experiencing more illness consequences and more negative emotions relating to the illness are associated with greater disability, worse pain and poorer mental health.
In a recent UK study of over 2000 patients with osteoarthritis, it was found that patients with a strong illness identity, whose illness had a negative effect on their lives, were more likely to experience reduced function, greater pain levels, greater use of medication and more GP consultations [ 7].
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The stronger illness duration effects for men suggest that the duration of chronic illness is more decisive for the labour participation status of men than of women.
However, some characteristics of applicants vulnerable to high distress have been identified including: high pre-test distress, carrier status, complicated grief, more affected first-degree relatives, and strong emotional illness representations [ 11, 12].
"It was slow work to sift out the very best" of his work, she writes, but it was "an essential labor lest the weaker poems dilute the stronger". His illness was "Max's tragedy; it was also, as he was canny enough to see, his opportunity". She made certain he did not squander it.
No one knew why S. enteritidis has come on so strong--illness from another strain also found in poultry, Salmonella typhimurium, has held steady over the same period.
Scientists have been doing this with Earth's climate at least since 1959, when strong signs of illness were reported from observations in Hawaii.
Her strength was apparent as she endured the hardships of cancer; she was uncomplaining and strong throughout her illness, something her family and friends found remarkable and inspiring.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com