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"Unlike the Earth's relatively quiet sun, Kepler 438 emits strong flares every few hundred days, each one stronger than the most powerful recorded flare on the sun.
During November 4 – 7, 1997, a series of strong flares occurred that were magnetically well-connected.
Our results also show greater differences in the values of β and H′ for strong flares in comparison with weak flares under both low- and moderate-solar activity conditions.
Thus, their plots revealed that for strong flares, especially X class, the β values were the same during all solar cycle conditions, while their H′ values were also seen to be same for any class of solar flares.
Thus, it can be inferred that strong flares, especially M and X class, can increase the D-region electron density and the redistribution of electron density with height more during low-solar activity conditions, lowering the D-region ionosphere when it is very sensitive, than during higher-solar activity periods.
The solar ionization variability consist mainly from the 11-year solar cycle, the 27-day solar rotation and solar flares, strong flares being very important phenomenon in the daytime lower ionosphere due to the enormous increase of the solar X-ray flux resulting in temporal terminating of MF and partly LF and HF radio wave propagation due to heavy absorption of radio waves.
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He and his colleague Jean Swank, a NASA astronomer, spotted the system on 3 April when the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer satellite detected a strong flare of x-rays.
A very strong flare from the sun caused compression of the earth's magnetic field and a subsequent surge in ground currents, overloading the power relays.
The effect of flares that occur during sunset/sunrise transition are not very apparent because the day/light changes of propagation conditions dominate over the effect of solar flares even for the strongest flares (Grubor et al.2005).2005
For the strongest flares, when HXT imaging with high time cadence (0.5 1 s) is possible, clear changes in the asymmetry of the observed footpoints fluxes are revealed.
The observed results show the density response for X1 to X5 flares falls within the noise level in the thermosphere, but there is significant neutral density response for X5 and stronger flares, with an average enhancement of 10% ~ 13% in neutral density at the altitude of 400 km at mid-low latitudes within about 4 h after solar flare onset.
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