Exact(6)
Third, it is possible that laser illumination of the surface of the sSC might not be strong enough to activate axonal eNpHR within the sSC.
However, this is unlikely because Gradinaru et al. [14] demonstrated that the intensity of their laser, which was weaker than that of our laser, was strong enough to activate opsin-expressing neurons at a depth of over 1 mm in brain tissue.
As the threshold potential for N-/P-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, which are dominantly localized at axonal terminals, is around −20 mV [9] [11], the depolarization by the smallest spikes (Fig. 3A) may not be strong enough to activate these Ca2+ channels.
This tonic transmission is, however, still strong enough to activate autosynaptic D2 receptors which inhibit phasic DA firing.
These small doses are sufficient to trigger some closure but not strong enough to activate a response by AOX2 (inset of Figure 7A).
We made sure that this light intensity is strong enough to activate CsChrimson by testing it with a well-studied motor neuron line.
Similar(54)
Braking hard enough to activate A.B.S. could lead to premature wear on brake pads.
This suggest that contralateral events can activate burst-only cells but are not strong enough to trigger a wave of inhibition, again suggesting that the initial event is the activation of burst cells.
Our results show that approximations based on the assumption that calcium is well mixed are invalid and that strong calcium gradients can persist long enough to activate CaM in microdomains under conditions that lead to LTP and LTD.
The stronger combined treatments (10 μM and 20 μM) are enough to activate AOX2 which at t=45 already has begun to reverse closure.
The large number of such elements and the strong connections formed between them mean that activation of just one element in the network may be enough to activate the entire structure.
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