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IP3 act as strong elicitors in mobilizing cytosolic Ca2+ levels in plants (Zhu 2002).
Bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides (LPS)) are strong elicitors of the human immune system by interacting with serum and membrane proteins such as lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and CD14 with high specificity.
A similar observation (low response to living bacteria and strong alkalinization response to boiled bacteria) was described during the analysis of the effect of Pseudomonas syringae pv tabaci on cells of tomato, a study that led to the discovery that bacterial flagellins are strong elicitors of defense response in different plants including tobacco [21].
Fatty acid-amino acid conjugates (FACs) are major constituents of Manduca sexta OS and strong elicitors of herbivore-induced defense responses in Nicotiana attenuata plants.
FACs are strong elicitors that amplify wounding-induced MAPK activation and potentiate the elicited JA burst in N. attenuata [ 3, 17].
Chitopentaose which can not trigger immune responses in plants did not induce AtLYK5-CERK1 association, while chitin oligomers (dp ≥ 6), which are strong elicitors, induced the interaction between AtLYK5 and AtCERK1.
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In subsequent experiments, COS7 cells were starved and induced with EGF, a strong elicitor of mitogenic signalling.
Among APCs, dendritic cells (DCs) are known to be strong elicitor and regulator cells of the immune system.
PGN presents in the cell walls of almost all bacteria, and is a strong elicitor to activate the innate immune response in insects [ 9, 10].
Brood being a strong elicitor for intake behaviour is also exploited, for example, by parasitic Maculinea butterflies, which morphologically and chemically mimic ant larvae and are picked up and brought into the nest [ 36].
The second strongest elicitor of expression responses was oxidative stress, since it was associated with a significant T statistic for most families in both tissue types.
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