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It is a large and representative sample, followed up annually to determine if people suffered a stroke (verified by doctors on the research team).
In the cross-sectional study, participants met the following inclusion criteria: stroke verified as defined by the World Health Organization [ 18], independence walking for 10 m without the need to use physical support or the support of an auxiliary person, at a velocity equal to or less than 0.8 m/s, and the ability to remain standing with or without assistance for more than 30 seconds.
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Additionally, delayed ischaemic strokes verified by serial computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging occurred in the recording area in four patients.
Self-report of stroke from the baseline interview of the EPESE project; and occurrence of stroke as verified by the national VHA hospital discharge database and the patients' medical records was measured.
Some of this variation is most likely due to differences in settings, age groups, gender and the 'gold standard' against which self-reported stroke is verified.
In clinical studies, Schulze and colleagues [ 12] detected an elevated plasma HMGB1 level in patients with acute ischemic stroke and verified a correlation between HMGB1 level and circulating leukocytes.
Table 1 shows that 50 of 86 (58%) self-reported strokes were verified.
The PPV was relatively low (44.0%), albeit higher than in the older cohort, with 14 of 23 self-reported strokes not verified by hospital data.
A secondary objective was to examine the feasibility of implicit guidance in patients with stroke, and verify the validity of the technique in advance of future, large-scale investigations.
Where clinically verified stroke data are unavailable, self-report may be a reasonable alternative method of stroke ascertainment for some epidemiological studies.
Thereafter, we prospectively assessed cardiovascular events, e.g. myocardial infarction, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (including stenting), aorto-coronary bypass, stroke and angiographically verified stenosis of peripheral arteries, and cardiovascular death in this cohort.
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