"stripped of context" is not correct and usable in written English.
This phrase is an informal, colloquial term and should not be used in formal writing. For example, one would not typically write, "The evidence was stripped of context, making it difficult to make an informed decision."
There is the goal itself, stripped of context.
Some of those same figures appear in this exhibition's videos, but they are stripped of context and speaking in snippets.
Much of this goes unreported in the British and American media, stripped of context or consigned to the small print.
The subjects, all stripped of context, include an S & M harness, a lotus flower, a woman in a burka, and a rubber-sheathed bondage figure.
The supporter offers: all of these sentences, stripped of context, reveal strengths that are washed over when taken up in the river of narrative.
There was an absorbing mystery attached to an object: stripped of context, with its history forgotten, all that was left was the thing itself, it became pure again pure as when it had first been made.
But even stripped of that context, it still sounds remarkably potent.
By fostering intimate exchanges stripped of all context, Internet dialogue combines too much information with too little.
Language that is part of a certain relationship, milieu or workplace, by the time it reaches court, is stripped of its context and suddenly sounds stark and unpalatable.
Some Columbia accusations are quite specific, though hard to evaluate stripped of fuller context, but several faculty members say they feel something is there.
The video, posted in November 2016 by the Revolutionary Forces of Syria Media Office, was immediately stripped of its context and reshared as evidence that the organisation uses "crisis actors" in staged rescues designed to make the Russian and Syrian armies look bad.
