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Despite their widespread use, traditional approaches, such as hierarchical clustering algorithms and k-means algorithms, are largely heuristic, lacking a stringent inference about the underlying biological mechanisms.
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If we are using a simulation to make detailed quantitative predictions about the future behavior of a target system, the epistemology of such inferences might require more stringent standards than those that are involved when the inferences being made are about the general, qualitative behavior of a whole class of systems.
The lesson of (UT) and the Duhemian insight is not quite, it seems, that naïve HD is the last word and scientific inference is unconstrained by stringent rational principles, but rather that the HD view has to be strengthened in order to capture the real nature of evidential support in rational scientific inference.
Hence, an adaptive fuzzy logic controller such as Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) removes this stringent requirement.
The GEE approach is widely used due to its less stringent distributional assumptions and robustness properties, yielding valid inference regardless of the data distribution [42].
To err on the side of caution, we have based our inferences on an unrooted tree, and set relatively stringent criteria in order to reconstruct the different RNA export pathways in the LECA.
Binomial proportions test was used applying a stringent cut off of P <= 0.0001 in order to eliminate potential erroneous inferences due to small sample sizes.
If not did you consider using a voxel-level correction (so that the statistical inference is about the peak voxel, and is localised accurately) or cluster level correction with a more stringent voxel level threshold (so the activations are more focal and better localised, albeit still imperfectly)?
For instance, any study that uses SMLM for quantitative analysis must have stringent negative and positive controls, since artifacts in the imaging or analysis methods can give rise to wrong inferences.
Negative inference".
Rationing must be stringent.
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