In a shift that could significantly hurt the Olympic champion Marion Jones and other athletes under investigation for possible drug violations, the United States Anti-Doping Agency said it planned to start using a less stringent burden of proof in doping cases.
At the same time, the case spotlights Georgia's bizarre state requirement that to avoid the death penalty a defendant must prove intellectual disability "beyond reasonable doubt," the only state in the nation with such a stringent burden of proof (most others use the "preponderance of evidence" threshold, meaning the defendant is most likely intellectually disabled). .
Other information, often including e-mail addresses, is protected by a less stringent standard that puts the burden on consumers to take action.
There was a marked trend that less stringent configurations produced large positive burden ratios (for instance, between 1.2 and 3.0), while more stringent configurations led to an overall burden close to unity, and higher quality scores.
This increases computational burden and forces more stringent filtering which may inadvertently discard causative variants.
In summary, in a stringent genome-wide investigation for the global burden enrichment of large rare CNVs, we didn't find any significant difference between AD cases and controls.
Some critics had suggested that the administration had wanted to try him before a military tribunal because the burden of proof is far less stringent than in a federal courtroom.
The court has also introduced more stringent rules for death penalty cases, increasing the burden of evidence on prosecutors and saying that only experienced judges should handle capital punishment trials.
This multiple testing burden has led to the adoption of stringent significance thresholds in GWAS (Sham and Purcell 2014).
Examining the estimates derived from expected correlations between SKAT and burden tests, it can be seen that the stronger dependence between SKAT statistics (as was seen in Fig. 1) leads here to less stringent significance thresholds for SKAT-based analysis, compared to burden tests.
