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Bipedality also facilitates striking downward which can impart more than 200% more energy than is possible when striking upward.
When striking downward and upward, subjects did 44 and 47% more work respectively when they performed from bipedal than from "quadrupedal" posture (Table 1).
In summary, humans are capable of striking with greater force and energy from bipedal than quadrupedal posture and can impart much more energy when striking downward than upward.
Striking downward may increase the power of the limb because limb retractor muscles have a greater capacity for positive work than limb protractor muscles.
The results of this study indicate that humans are capable of striking with 40 50% higher force and energy from bipedal than quadrupedal posture and can impart more than 200% greater energy when striking downward than upward.
Thus, to test these predictions, I quantified striking performance of human subjects (1) in bipedal (orthograde) posture and in simulated quadrupedal (pronograde) posture, and (2) when striking downward versus upward.
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Bipedal posture allows quadrupeds to strike downward rather than upward on an opponent.
When subjects struck downward from a bipedal posture the work was 43.70±12.59% (mean ± S.E).
The magnitude of the greater energy imparted in downward directed strikes suggests that the most important reason quadrupeds stand bipedally to fight is that it allows them to strike downward on an opponent.
Although larger size (i.e., body mass) provides an advantage during physical competition, the results of this study suggest that greater height, by itself, is associated with an enhanced capacity to strike downward on an opponent.
Thus, early in hominin evolution, an enhanced capacity to strike downward on an opponent may have given tall males a greater capacity to compete for mates and to defend their resources and offspring.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com