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Although larger size (i.e., body mass) provides an advantage during physical competition, the results of this study suggest that greater height, by itself, is associated with an enhanced capacity to strike downward on an opponent.
Thus, early in hominin evolution, an enhanced capacity to strike downward on an opponent may have given tall males a greater capacity to compete for mates and to defend their resources and offspring.
The magnitude of the greater energy imparted in downward directed strikes suggests that the most important reason quadrupeds stand bipedally to fight is that it allows them to strike downward on an opponent.
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Bipedal posture allows quadrupeds to strike downward rather than upward on an opponent.
Because striking downward requires concentric activity from the retractor muscles of the forelimbs whereas striking upward requires concentric activity from the smaller protractor muscles, quadrupeds may be able to do more work on an opponent when they strike downward.
Bipedality also facilitates striking downward which can impart more than 200% more energy than is possible when striking upward.
When subjects struck downward from a bipedal posture the work was 43.70±12.59% (mean ± S.E).
Striking performance from quadrupedal posture was compared to that from bipedal posture for four types of strikes: downward, upward, side and forward strikes.
This is also known as striking downward, using the downward strike elbow: Raise the elbow upwards with palm facing the back.
The diaphragm pushes downward on the pelvis.
Shares in Chipotle continued to spiral downward on Friday.
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