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The cited studies exemplify interesting design features and advances in methods of data analysis and certainly contribute to the knowledge base in educational research; however, methodological shortcomings, some of which are unavoidable even in the best of circumstances, urge a more cautious interpretation than that of strict "cause and effect".
"This is a tough disease," Osterholm said, "because it doesn't fit a model of strict cause and effect".
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Gilmore doubts, however, that a strict cause-and-effect relationship between drugs and the Internet can be proved.
Another limitation is that the cross-sectional nature of this study does not allow strict cause-effect interpretations of the associations between disability, comorbidity, and frailty.
In Nassau County, Long Island, where a similar heroin surge is playing out, Judge Frank Gulotta's strict policies caused controversy last year when a drug court participant died from a heroin overdose after Judge Gulotta required he get off methadone in order to stay in the program.
Overgrowth of strict anaerobes causes production of increased amounts of both bacterial toxins and catabolites.
Bacterial species in possession of SMP homologues within these classes were either associated with nosocomial or strict pathogen causing microorganisms or found in either aquatic or soil dwelling environments.
If there is a law connecting such properties, it is evidently non-strict: striking causes lighting only ceteris paribus.
A key question surfaces at the start of any such investigation: is one really seeing an outbreak in the strictest sense, caused by a single strain, or is one merely seeing an increased incidence of infection, involving multiple unrelated strains?
Strict environmental laws cause long delays in building homes.
Its strict application will cause you all, in turn, to doubt everything the prosecution has said.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com