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Until March 11 , 2011 the consensus among seismologists was that a particular stretch of fault would observe certain rules, rupturing at consistent intervals in events of similar size.
At one point a stretch of fault rock riddled with springs was overcome only by the radical expedient of lining the pilot heading with 74 steel frames, each 20 inches (50 centimetres) thick, instead of conventional timbering.
The quiet stretch of fault to the west, passing near the port of Izmit, "was the obvious candidate for the next earthquake," says Nicholas Ambraseys of Imperial College London.
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The quake's epicenter was on a roughly 200-mile stretch of a fault where stresses had been building for nearly two centuries, and experts had expected that one day the strain would be relieved in a cataclysmic event.
The earthquake resulting from the rupture of a 300- to 375-mile (500- to 600-km) stretch of the fault that separates the South American Plate from the subducting Nazca Plate was felt as far away as São Paolo, Brazil, and Buenos Aires, Argentina.
In a paper published this week in Science, Junle Jiang and Nadia Lapusta, of Caltech, propose a new model to explain these uncharacteristically taciturn stretches of the fault.
Luckily, though, phones have yet another bit of kit inside that can help: satellite-positioning hardware.National outfits that concern themselves with seismology, such as the US Geological Survey (USGS), already use fancy satellite-enabled kit to meticulously measure along some stretches of known faults.
The new finding stems from studies of a stretch of the San Andreas fault near Parkfield in southern California, perhaps the most closely monitored seismic hot spot in the world.
Much of Indonesia lies in the seismically active Pacific "ring of fire," a series of fault lines stretching from the Western Hemisphere through Japan and Southeast Asia.
Indonesia, an island archipelago of 237 million people, is prone to earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic activity due to its location on the so-called Pacific Ring of Fire -- a series of fault lines stretching from the Western Hemisphere through Japan and Southeast Asia.
The archipelagic nation is prone to volcanic eruptions and earthquakes because of its location on the so-called "Ring of Fire" — a series of fault lines stretching from the Western Hemisphere through Japan and Southeast Asia.
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