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The neutron diffraction technique is used to measure the residual stresses both on the surface and in the interior of a thickness for the welded specimens.
Surface roughness, in-depth residual stresses both on the pressure and suction surfaces, local bending deformations at the leading and trailing edges, and surface microstructure were analyzed by surface profiles, X-ray diffraction (XRD), three-coordinate measurement and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively.
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The FE analysis indicated that tensile loading resulted in the highest maximum principal stress both on cement and enamel for each type of bracket.
Loading the system using shear force on the short side of bracket resulted in the lowest maximum principal stress both on cement and enamel for each type of bracket.
Shear loading at the short side of the bracket resulted in the highest bond strength and lowest maximum principal stress both on cement and enamel compared with the other loading modes (P < 0.05).
The findings suggest that the manner of loading orthodontic brackets and the selection of orthodontic bracket materials affect the bond strength and stresses developed both on cement and enamel.
Improved communication skills may help to lessen patients' anxiety and unnecessary stress both during their stay on ICU and following their discharge.
Ban said the once competing campaigns for water and biodiversity protection could now be turned to the benefit of societies facing stresses on both water and food security.
Tensile loading of brackets resulted in lower bond strength with highest maximum principal stresses on both the cement and enamel.
Ceramic brackets presented with higher bond strength and lower maximum principal stresses on both the cement and enamel compared with metallic brackets.
A new generatrix for cavity profile is proposed through optimization using the complex method to decrease the maximal radial stresses on both oil and gas sides of the diaphragm clinging to the cavity surface.
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