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When the crack closes, compressive stresses normal to the crack can be transferred.
The aim of this paper is to characterize the behavior of the packer under simple stress (normal) and under coupled stresses (normal and tangential), as well as to propose mathematical constitutive models to describe both behaviors properly.
The stresses normal to the middle surface are generally neglected in the design of such shell structures.
The treatment also simplifies FE modelling by allowing for non-zero stresses normal to the laminate edge, removing the singularity.
Measurements show that applying small mechanical stresses normal to the sample thickness rises the delivered core losses, then the losses decrease continuously as the stress increases.
Through-thickness stresses in bonded joints, or stresses normal to the plane of the adhesive layer, generally arise from out-of-plane loading in the joint.
It also shows that the p53 dynamics are excitable; bifurcation analysis revealed a spectrum of p53 behaviour under stressed and non-stressed (normal) conditions on the basis of stress signal activation rate, and characterised p53 dynamics as Type II excitability.
Shear stresses and normal stresses (or normal displacements) were measured under cyclic loading.
From these quantities, shear stress, normal stress, power transmission, etc., can be obtained.
Shear stress normal to equal velocity lines, energy dissipation distribution and rate of flow are determined.
A sample is compressed among solid steel cones that generate tensile stress normal to the axis of loading.
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