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Some studies have reported no effect of creatine supplementation on muscle strength or function.
The EWGSOP describes the gradation from pre-sarcopenia (decrease in muscle mass without disturbance in strength or function), to sarcopenia (decreased mass and strength or function), to severe sarcopenia (decreased mass, strength, and function).
57 Some studies have found no increase in muscle strength or function but an improvement in lean body mass.
Yet, a report of immune system depletion (R AG2/mdx mouse) produced no improvement in muscle strength or function [ 12].
Each of these studies demonstrated small improvements in hand strength or function using exercise, with no increase in joint swelling, pain or disease activity.
The EWGSOP also conceptualised a grading for sarcopenia such that those with pre-sarcopenia have a decrease in muscle mass without disturbance in strength or function, those with sarcopenia have decreased mass and strength or function, and those with severe sarcopenia have decreased mass, strength and function [ 1].
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One explanation for this may be age, which likely contributes to the relationship between anabolic biomarkers and muscle strength or physical function.
Newman and Barker [ 13] focused on higher-level intervention designs and did not include mental, cardio-respiratory, urinary, digestive/bowel, muscle strength or skin function.
These data suggest that positive relationship between anabolic biomarkers and muscle strength or physical function in older adults may be mediated by age.
91 Friedlander et al reported that IGF-1 therapy had a beneficial impact on bone density, muscle strength, or physical function in elderly women with no clinical IGF-1 deficiency.
However, the present study did not measure additional health-related parameters, such as medication use or changes in body composition, muscular strength, or physical functioning.
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