Conducting the survey made it possible to extract more fine grained knowledge with respect to the perceived constraints by analyzing the perceived strength of constraints and differences between users and non-users.
The plausibility of the convergence hypothesis depends on the strength of constraints that affect evolutionary trajectories of isofunctional proteins [ 11].
As a result, laboratory experiments may underestimate the strength of constraints on evolutionary responses to global change.
For example, we showed that in signaling networks different types of interactions have different strength of constraints on protein co-evolution, in which proteins linked by physical interactions tend to be more co-evolved.
However, in our analysis, we further found that in signaling networks different types of interactions have different strength of constraints on protein co-evolution, in which proteins linked by physical interactions tend to be more co-evolved.
The absence of a strong correlation between heteropecilly and heterotachy makes sense because the two heterogeneities do not apply on the same criteria: heterotachy is mainly due to loss or gain of functional constraints (i.e. variable strength of constraints), whereas heteropecilly is rather due to variation in the nature of functional constraints, not in their strength.
We adopted a generalized inversion method in which the solutions are determined under different a priori strengths of constraints on initial unknown parameters.
Our results imply that the relationship between selective constraint and enzyme centrality is complex: the strength of selective constraint acting on mammalian genes is quite variable and does not appear to exclusively follow patterns seen in other organisms.
(4) In [15], [16], selective constraints were grouped, and the number of groups and the strength of selective constraint of each group were optimized for a given protein phylogeny.
Because the strength of selective constraint on amino acid substitutions depends strongly on the type of protein, we approximate the selective constraint for a target protein by a linear function of that estimated from an empirical amino acid substitution frequency matrix; (4) w ab = min β w ab estimate + w 0 (1 - δ ab ), 0 where negative selection on amno acid replacements is assumed.
