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where σ i is i th scribble strength normalized from 0 to 1, α is a topological penalty, and ρ indicates the original path cost.
where ϕ≡Φ/Φ0 is the strength normalized by the initial strength and α ≡ ω / ω c 0 = f / f c 0 is the observation frequency normalized by the characteristic frequency of the fault at the initial state.
To quantify the strength of the attentional effects, we computed the modulation index (MI), which we defined as the difference in response strength normalized to the average response: (T − D /((T + D /2).
Mildly cachectic C-26-tumor-bearing mice had lower absolute grip strength (−22%) and grip strength normalized for body mass (−23%) compared with PBS controls (P<0.05; Fig. 3A).
Both UHP-HFRCs demonstrated clear size effect on flexural strength, normalized deflection, and normalized energy absorption capacity.
Landfill composition and properties, like unit weight, shear wave velocity, shear strength, normalized shear modulus, and material damping, are the most important dynamic properties that have direct impact on the seismic behaviour of landfills, and need to be evaluated carefully.
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Normalized HEL strength and normalized spall strength of 2024-T4 and 7075-T6 exhibited a similar linear decrease with increasing temperature.
It was also shown that the normalized S N curves, whose fatigue strengths were normalized by a static strength, approximately coalesce together for all loading and environmental conditions.
Fatigue strengths are normalized by tensile strength for Cu alloys with different microstructures to study the correlation between tensile and fatigue properties.
Document strength data normalized to the individual's limb muscle mass.
The lowest concrete facial strength ratio normalized by the initial average value is 95.2% and 78.9% on the right spandrel, respectively, for concrete lining with and without the fire resistant coating.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com