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The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of the composites with 0.5 wt.% CNTs increases by 12% compared to the neat CFRP composites, whereas the torsional shear modulus and strength determined using tubular specimens present corresponding improvements of 17% and 19.5%, respectively.
As expected, the anion bonding strength determined using eq 83 correlates with the p Ka. From the valence matching rule (eq 16) one expects the surface anions to form bonds with solution cations having a bonding strength in the range | Lb|/2 to 2| Lb| and this is the valence that each acceptor bond would have to supply.
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For these participants, low grip strength was determined using established grip strength values for sarcopenia (<20 kg for women and <30 kg for men) consistent with others [ 5].
Joint strength was determined using the notched-tensile strength (NTS) method.
At each research visit, balance and muscle strength are determined using standardized manoeuvres on a force plate (Model 9260AA, Kistler Instrument Corp., NY, USA).
The splitting tensile strength was determined using the following equation: F_{t} = 2P /pi Ld where F t is splitting tensile strength, P is the maximum applied load indicated by testing machine, and L and d are the length and diameter of specimen, respectively.
Tensile strength was determined using an Instron 5565 Universal Testing Machine (Instron, High Wycombe, UK).
Adhesive strength was determined using an Instron tensile testing apparatus.
Then the adhesion strength was determined using the BT.
The physical properties were measured and the compressive strength was determined using linear regression analysis.
The bond strength was determined using pull-off methods according to the European Standard EN 1542.
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