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This fraction is found to increase as the tie strength (characterized by the genetic relatedness) decreases.
The robustness of the embedded watermark generally depends on the number of involved coefficients (i.e., l) and the embedding strength characterized by the quantization step size (i.e., ∆ k ).
The observation is further confirmed in Figure 5, where we examine the effect of interference strength, characterized by the distance from the selected user of cell 1 to BS2.
The residual strength, characterized via 3-point flexural testing after a simulated lightning test, only decreased by 23% as compared to its initial value, whereas a drastic reduction (66%) was observed for pristine CFRP.
The main conclusion drawn from the numerical results is that the cooling tower would still fail by loss of strength, characterized by the existence of an ultimate load and of yielding of the reinforcement.
The adhesion strength characterized by the critical force in indentation test can be increased over 1000 N on the high-speed steel substrate when the processing condition is optimized, and the processing procedure plays an important role in the pulsing deposition.
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The melting temperature as a function of pH or ionic strength characterizes the effect of the third strands on the structural stability.
In this case, only three parameters (two latitudinal limits and a current strength) characterize the electrojet as observed far from the FAC, whose influence is taken to be small.
Findings based on nCT include indexing pore size and connectivity, measuring grain size of crystal phases, making comparisons of implicit binding strength, characterizing material surface texture, observing inter-phase interactions, analyzing inner and surface morphology, and providing models for finite element analysis of the material nanostructure.
These dyes have been synthesized with the optical and electrochemical properties, electron injection efficiencies, and relative binding strengths characterized.
Having the underlying potential landscape, we can further study the global stability and robustness of system at different fluctuation strengths characterized by the diffusion coefficient D through computing the barrier height for oscillation and robustness ratio RR for monostability.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com