Of the ones hired to work on high-street diffusion ranges - Betty Jackson and Anthony Symonds for Marks & Spencer Autograph, Luella Bartley for New Look, Sophia Kokosalaki and Markus Lupfer for Topshop, Jasper Conran and Matthew Williamson for Debenhams - many freely admit that without the regular money the agreement brings in, their own-name labels would not be viable.
São Paulo is where the more directional and established designers show, whereas Rio represents the lifestyle, street and diffusion brands.
Often, however, a periodic sequence of extinction and reignition events, termed collectively as "diffusion flame-streets", are observed.
Occasionally within the diffusion flame-street regime, the residual mixture would reignite but would fail to evolve into stationary auxiliary flames.
Here, an Ossie Clark could cost up to £300 (for, say, the python-skin dress bought by Eartha Kitt) but by the late 1960s, his designs were also available on the high street through the Radley chain (effectively a diffusion line, albeit long before the concept was created, for which you might pay under £20 for a virtually undiluted piece of Ossie).
There was little apparent displacement but clear evidence of a diffusion of benefits to nearby streets without the gates (Bowers et al. 2004) and these benefits were sustained in later years (Armitage and Smithson 2007).
Previously the diffusion label was best known for street fashion – tricksy denim, tartan trousers and T-shirts.
We measured NO2 using Palmes' diffusion tubes in 36 sites on streets chosen to be representative of different road types and traffic densities in São Paulo in two one-week periods (July and August 2000).
Two key burning regimes were identified: (i) stable continuous diffusion flames and (ii) stable diffusion flame-streets.
Four articles test propositions in some way drawing on: street-level bureaucracy theory (Walker and Gilson 2004); cultural diffusion theory (Luke and Watkins 2002); an author-constructed model of health policy, implementation and management in small-island developing states (McNaught 2003); and decentralization experience (Mogenson and Ngulube 2001).
Back in the 70s, Radley had persuaded both Clark and Birtwell to design what are thought to be the earliest known diffusion lines, taking their work into the high street and reaching far beyond a small, well-heeled clientele.
