They were costly to produce, as contour layers had to be cut and assembled, filled with plaster and painted, after which streams, roads, etc., had to be drawn on the surface.
Land pattern was characterized by total length of line elements (streams, roads, borders, ecotones) and certain areal coverage (forest, mires, fields, built-up areas) within the cell.
From this point west, Wildwood Trail runs through forest generally uninterrupted by buildings but crisscrossed by shorter trails, small streams, roads, and firelanes.
Based on the spatial pattern of infestation in the past, the area was divided into convenient observation units of approximately 50 ha, based on natural boundaries of streams, roads and footpaths.
Several traverses along stream, road cuttings and ghat sections were chosen for studying the geology of the study area.
However, because of the episodic nature of road-salt runoff, the full range of in-stream road-salt influence is difficult to characterize without use of continuous- and event-based monitoring focusing on deicing periods.
A collaborative landscape management plan was completed in 2007 and included creation of management objectives, assessment of current forest, stream, and road network conditions, modeling of alternative restoration treatments, and a restoration framework.
With mock-stone cottages, tumble-down mills, churches, bridges and viaducts, as well as landscape sold on canvas rolls, painted with fields, streams and roads, Hornby conceived an entire world in miniature.
Landsat images from 2009/2010 and 2013 were used to drive baseline data including land cover, land use, stream and road.
Concrete culverts were built to carry streams and roads under the highway in the valley floor.
