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Using linear regression analysis, we examined the influence of soil type, vegetation cover, catchment area, geology, and topography on runoff coefficient, streamflow rates, and evapotranspiration.
Mean rainfall and streamflow rates exhibit a pronounced inter-annual variability across the last century, though in the absence of clear sustained drifts.
The primary hydrologic impact of dust-on-snow forcing is an increased rate of snowmelt associated with more extreme dust deposition, producing earlier peak streamflow rates on the order of 1 3 weeks.
Determining groundwater discharge to streams using dissolved gases is known to be useful over a wide range of streamflow rates but the suitability of dissolved gas methods to determine discharge rates in high gradient mountain streams has not been sufficiently tested, even though headwater streams are critical as ecological habitats and water resources.
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Calibrating to the mean of USGS daily discharge estimates from the streamflow rating for the same period of record at each streamgage resulted in mean absolute errors ranging from 1% to 2%, and log errors ranging from 1% or less.
We find that 16 of these stations recorded significant decreases in annual streamflow, with reduction rates ranging from 0.10 mm/yr to 1.61 mm/yr over the study period.
Drainage can also increase the negative effects of floods by amplifying flood peaks via increased streamflow and reduced infiltration rates, which then have greater force to cause damage (Venema et al. 2010).
For precipitation and temperature we accounted for the interpolation uncertainty, and for streamflow we accounted for rating curve uncertainty.
By means of numerical modeling we determined gas exchange velocities and derived very low groundwater discharge rates (∼15% of streamflow).
Baseflow recession rates and antecedent streamflow exhibited a negative power-law relation, with baseflow recession rates decreasing by up to two orders of magnitude as antecedent streamflow levels increased.
Semi-arid cold regions such as the Canadian Prairies have extremely low annual streamflow efficiencies because of high infiltration rates, large surface water storage capacities, high evaporation rates and strong climate seasonality.
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