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This critical stream depth increases with streambed thickness and decreases with stream width.
However, negative effects on species number owing to runoff from arable land could be distinguished from the effect of stream width: the number of species within each stream width class significantly decreased with increasing risk of runoff.
Water sampling survey reach length was defined at each site which was 10 times the stream width.
Multivariate analysis explained 39.9% of the variance in species number, revealing stream width as the most important factor (25.3%), followed by risk of runoff (9.7%).
All bank and instream models considered buffer treatment, survey area, stream width, pre-treatment count, and number of days post-treatment as possible explanatory variables.
The highest densities were found in sites with low incidence radiation (<0.06 MJ cm−2) and narrow stream width of arroyos/rivers (<9.5 m).
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Post-harvest light levels of 11 to 88% (compared with an open reference site) have been recorded in New Zealand streams in the first few years after harvest with marked increases in light occurring at stream widths of around 3.5 to 5 m.
The simulation results suggest future changes in landscape composition and configuration at catchment and riparian stream buffer width scales could lower TN and TP runoff to the estuary.
The model with a 31 m riparian stream buffer width accounted for the highest variance of mean annual TN (r2 = 0.9366) and TP (r2 = 0.7503) yield (mass for a specified time normalized by drainage area).
A sensitivity analysis indicated that in wide streams, the lowest point of an IWT only occurs at the bottom of the streambed; however, for a stream half width of 1 m above a 6 m thick sandy loam streambed, the lowest point occurs in the streambed as stream depth is less than 0.5 m.
Stream segment widths were assigned based on measurements taken on the same day.
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