On finding frequent elements in a data stream APPROXIMATION, RANDOMIZATION, AND COMBINATORIAL OPTIMIZATION: ALGORITHMS AND TECHNIQUES Charikar, M., Chen, K., Farach-Colton, M. 2007; 4627: 584627
Other proposals [7]-[9],[34] deal with issues as diverse as blocking and non-blocking operators, windows, stream approximation, and various optimizations.
In its initial version, the model atmospheres of HELIOSare one-dimensional and plane-parallel, and the equation of radiative transfer is solved in the two-stream approximation with nonisotropic scattering.
The two-stream approximation enables fast calculations, whereas the errors from the radiative transfer approximation are sufficiently small.
NICAM adopts the broadband radiative transfer model 'MSTRN', which is based on the discrete ordinate method with a delta two-stream approximation and the correlated k-distribution method.
Radiative transfer in a plane-parallel multilayered atmosphere is solved by the two-stream approximation (Nakajima et al. 2000) with the delta-M method (Wiscombe 1977).
the latest version of the broadband radiative transfer model MSTRN based on the discrete ordinate method with a delta two-stream approximation.
Solutions of the two-stream approximation are upward and downward irradiances at layer boundaries, from which the radiances at the top of the atmosphere in arbitrary directions can be calculated.
In the case of optically thick clouds, if we consider only the upward and downward propagation of light (as in the so-called two-stream approximation), then, to first order, the cloud bottom can be thought of as a two-sided, white (Lambertian) boundary, which diffusely reflects sun, moon, or city light back towards the hemisphere from which it came.
For large amounts of CO addition to the oxidizer stream, the approximations introduced in the asymptotic analysis become inaccurate.
Research areas of particular interest include streaming algorithms, pseudorandomness, approximation algorithms, theoretical networking, hardness of approximation, and cryptography.
