Outdoor pits or mounds covered with straw, stalks, building paper, and earth are also used, with storage time of several weeks or a few months feasible.
Chemical composition of wheat straw stalks was identified according to standard methods [29].
Cooking of straw stalks in the system isobutyl alcohol H2O KOH hydrazine was carried out according to the procedure described in [27].
These wastes can be classified into different branches such as wood residues, waste paper, grasses, agricultural residues (including straw, stalks, and bagasse), domestic wastes (lignocellulosic garbage and sewage), and municipal solid wastes (Rodriguez et al. 2008).
This work demonstrated that the bio-oil derived from fast pyrolysis of straw stalk was able to be converted into the jet and diesel fuel range hydrocarbons by a designed transformation route.
These residues consist of molasses, husks, bagasse, seeds, leaves, stem, straw, stalk, shell, pulp, stubble, peel, roots, etc. and used for animal feed, soil improvement, fertilizers, manufacturing, and various other processes.
Those derived from agricultural activities include materials such as straw, stem, stalk, leaves, husk, shell, peel, lint, seed/stones, pulp or stubble from fruits, legumes or cereals (rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, barley), bagasses generated from sugarcane or sweet sorghum milling, spent coffee grounds, brewer's spent grains, and many others.
The straw for the Ballen-Brundby plant comes mainly from wheat stalks that would previously have been burned in the fields.
Biochars prepared from nut shells, plum stones, wheat straws, grape stalks and grape husks were tested as potential sorbents for Cd and Pb.
These types of bio-wastes are produced as straw, husk, and stalk and are referred to primary or field residues.
So far, most of the pyrolysis research has concentrated on lignocellulosic materials such as wood, straws and stalks [ 47, 48].
