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We postulate that this type of selection strongly impacts the wheat straw deconstruction rate.
Proteases, whose role has usually been neglected when studying the decay of lignocellulosic substrates, have been found among the Top-10 proteins of the three fungi, seeming to have a great significance for wheat straw deconstruction.
Our results also suggest that the enzymatic action of lignin-degrader oxidoreductases such as MnP and DyP, and proteases such as polyporopepsin, enhance wheat straw deconstruction by facilitating the action of the carbohydrate-degrading enzymes.
In T. reesei and A. niger, transcript abundance from genes encoding GH family proteins 3, 5, 6, 7, 11, 30, 31 and 67 (glucosidases, cellobiohydrolases, xylanases and glucuronidases) and AA family 9 (copper oxidoreductases) was highest for both organisms (Table 1) indicating that both species use a similar array of GHs for wheat straw deconstruction.
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It is possible that this ceramidase is secreted with, and maybe regulated in a similar manner to the CAZy enzymes and participates in wheat straw deconstruction, although expression of this gene in the presence of other lignocellulosic substrates requires further characterisation.
We have demonstrated how the hydrothermal deconstruction of wheat straw can be interpreted using standard or modified kinetic models, to gain understanding of the interrelationships between kinetic parameters and hence chemical pathways between different solubilised species.
The combined mass loss from the depolymerisation and solubilisation of all species therefore provides an unambiguous measure of the extent of deconstruction of wheat straw, so the derived kinetic parameters can be used to describe a global reaction ordinate, as discussed later.
The hypothetical inter-fibril spacing created by hydrothermal deconstruction of straw was calculated to be insufficient for complete access by cellulases, although total digestion of cellulose in both treated straw and model pulp was observed.
The knowledge of the Arrhenius parameters allows a prediction of the extent of progress of the collective deconstruction reactions of wheat straw under any combination of time and temperature.
This observation was reflected by our results where esterase activity was shown to be critical for the comprehensive enzymatic deconstruction of barley straw.
The gravimetric loss through solubilisation of straw provides a global measure of the extent of deconstruction, giving rise to an Arrhenius activation energy of 148 kJmol−1, which is higher than activation energies used historically for derivation of empirical measures of reaction severity.
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