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They often have segmented labour markets in which employees of key industries enjoy well-paid and consumerist lifestyles while a lower stratum of workers staffs less well-paid, more precarious, and less attractive positions within the urban economy.
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Smokestack industries did disappear; jobs came to be divided between a lower stratum of service workers and an upper stratum sitting in antiseptic bubbles playing with computers.
Jews settled in the Netherlands to escape persecution; the Sephardic Jews from Spain and Portugal were more influential in economic, social, and intellectual life, while the Ashkenazim from eastern Europe formed a stratum of impoverished workers, especially in Amsterdam.
Some advocates have seized on the notion of a blue-collar slump with the aim of persuading policymakers to give more aid to the lower strata of city workers.
He sought in particular to improve conditions for the city's often unseen stratum of low-wage workers: the men and women who wash the cars, bag the groceries and mind the children of better-off residents.
But, the polo shirt, along with its illegitimate cousin, the short sleeve dress shirt, dominates among all other strata of white collar workers.
Rural migrants have grown into an important new social stratum of China, particularly as a sizeable component of industrial workers in China and a driving force for urbanization.
Tarantino compresses it all into a stratum of pulp.
He also finds a tiny stratum of dry comedy.
The kids were from a completely different stratum of society.
The present will become another stratum of the past.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com