The stratospheric effect seems reasonable enough, says modeler Jerry D. Mahlman of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory in Princeton, New Jersey, who regards the mechanism as the first plausible means of linking sunspots and Earth's atmosphere.
However, the HALOE trends are smaller in the lower mesosphere probably be due to a reduction in the stratospheric ozone effect compared to earlier periods (Remsberg [2009]).
This is the case, e.g., when investigating the effect of stratospheric warming events on the EEJ in satellite data, as such effects are expected to last only a few days (e.g., Park et al. 2012).
But John Wallace, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Washington, Seattle, says that Shindell's team has made a good case that changes in the lower atmosphere may have important effects on stratospheric ozone.
In all likelihood, Russia will continue to increase the level of military activity along its NATO borders, as President Vladimir Putin finds taking this approach plays well with his domestic constituency: his approval ratings remain stratospheric, despite the economic effects of U.S. and EU sanctions put in place following the Crimean annexation.
This paper reviews some of the adverse effects of stratospheric ozone depletion and global warming.
Long-term changes of solar UV radiation are a complex combination of various effects, where stratospheric ozone depletion, increase of tropospheric ozone levels and effects of global climate change work together.
For example, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) program on health effects of stratospheric ozone constitutes more than two-thirds of the reported human contributions and responses budget, yet it is only tangentially concerned with climate change or social science research.
The radiative effect of stratospheric ozone depletion was included (which offsets greenhouse warming) when generating these temperature and precipitation scenarios, but the radiative effect of sulfate aerosols was excluded (which also offsets greenhouse warming) because it is difficult to predict in the southern hemisphere.
The size and scope of a volcanic eruption's effect on stratospheric aerosols largely depends on where the eruption occurs, says Alan Robock, a climatologist at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey.
