Many recent studies have utilized GPS-RO data to investigate the variability in the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere (UTLS) such as fluctuation details of the cold-point tropopause (CPT) (Kim and Son 2012), and the occurrence of the multiple lapse rate tropopause (LRT) (Xu et al. 2014).
Although the radar is currently operating with only about a quarter of its full designed system components, we have already obtained interesting results on the Antarctic troposphere, stratosphere and mesosphere, such as gravity waves, multiple tropopauses associated with a severe snow storm in the troposphere and stratosphere, and polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE).
The troposphere exchanges energy with the stratosphere by dynamical processes such as wind and wave activity and by the re-radiation of solar energy back to the layers above.
From a climatological perspective, the dominant thermal excitation sources for nonmigrating tides reside in the troposphere, although during special events such as sudden stratosphere warmings ozone distributions can become sufficiently longitude dependent that non-negligible nonmigrating tides can possibly be excited ([Goncharenko et al. 2012]).
Many important problems relating to knowledge of the entire Earth are best resolved in the polar region, such as studying the stratosphere's apparently endangered ozone layer.
The NBA, and owners like the Sterlings, have seen the value of their franchises fly into the financial stratosphere, on the backs of African-Americans such as Magic Johnson, at whom Sterling curiously keeps directing his social and racial verbal blunders.
And the stakes climbed into the stratosphere, with as much as $2 million on the table to be lost or won.
Project Loon is a network of balloons which float in the stratosphere, twice as high as aeroplanes.
But a surge in the concentration of light-scattering particles in the stratosphere countered as much as 25% of that potential temperature increase, he notes.
Some geoengineering schemes, such as adding aerosols to the stratosphere, have attracted heavy criticism for their possible side effects.
