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Disease stage is used not only for prognostic stratification within groups of patients with a given malignancy, but also for determining the most appropriate treatment.
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Because subjects were ethnically diverse, we pooled genotype data from the 7 study centers into three ethnic groups for GWAS: European American, Latino, and African-American/African Caribbean and controlled for population stratification within each ethnic group using principal components.
As MDS analysis showed population stratification within self-identified racial ethnic groups, to adjust for population-related confounding factors in genetic association, we restricted subsequent analyses to 118 patients showing no evident population stratification (see Fig 1).
The results from individual data were obtained using concurrent estimation of contemporary group, population stratification and SNP effects, with data from contemporary groups excluded when the within-group MAF was less than 0.01.
Mulvey (1983) notes that the best stratification is not always required in terms of achieving the minimization of within-group variances and that good approximate solutions can be found without a significant loss of precision in sample estimates.
The presence of population stratification and an unequal distribution of alleles within groups can result in nonfunctional, spurious associations [42].
4 This allowed stratification by country of birth, which afforded new insights into the heterogeneity of mental health, social interactions and ethnic density within groups.
We studied broad patterns of genetic subdivision in our sample and inferred stratification in K groups within our species-wide sample.
Within the three stratification groups (pT3b/c pN0 or pT4pN0, pN+, and R0), median relapse-free survival did not differ significantly between arm A (sc-rIL-2/sc-rIFN α2a/iv-5-FU) arm arm B (observation).
Age structure within groups is also important.
within groups.
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