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Evolutionarily, it would be possible to achieve either of the alternative circuit topologies discussed here through straightforward mutation or duplication events.
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SEM may be of greater value in straightforward estimation of mutation rates or with simpler methods for functional element prediction.
Even for PD itself, this assessment is not straightforward as most mutation reports present fragmented data on only one or few PD genes.
Based on primary and secondary structure comparisons, this helix in Vps1 is well conserved making selection of charge-switch mutations straightforward.
The method we describe here is reliable and versatile, enabling various types of genome editing in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica by straightforward modifications of the mutation cassette.
Firstly, there is the difficulty of answering a straightforward question: has a mutation seen in a patient with disease been previously reported in another individual with a similar phenotype?
The four suppressor mutations were straightforward to detect because they led to reversion of dms4-1 mutant phenotypes (that is, the suppressor mutants were GFP− and had a normal developmental phenotype).
The elution profiles for such samples are distinct from those having a homozygous sequence, making the identification of samples harboring polymorphisms or mutations a straightforward procedure.
Although it is straightforward to postulate that mutations will accumulate most easily when their effects are small and recessive and when populations are small or highly structured, the role of the mode of reproduction is more subtle.
The growth of E. coli and B. subtilis is relatively simple and related costs are low, while at the same time cell division stays around tens of minutes and with identification process of resulting mutations being straightforward [ 61].
As a further step towards a fast and straightforward identification of causative mutations, we now show that, in the microalgal model system C. reinhardtii, direct sequencing of only two mutants and the closely related WT side-by-side allows the identification of a causative mutation.
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