All conductance values (land and water) were divided by cell-to-cell distances (i.e., distances between cell centres) in order to correct for the differences between diagonal and straight distances between cells and to correct for variations in spherical distances between cells.
Because the true distance between sites was less informative than the straight-line distance (straight-line distance, R = 31.48; true distance, R = 20.78), we used latter variable in our analyses (see Table 1).
The straight distance in kilometers between an administrative village and the Dongting Lake was calculated using ArcGIS v.9 (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA).
Euclidean distance (straight line distance between two points in c-dimensional space defined by variables c), angle or the products of the two vectors point in n dimensions representing a set of n measurements may be used in this analysis.
Efficiency of flights was calculated by dividing the straight line distance between start and end point by the actual distance travelled.
Pace length is measured as the straight line distance between homologous points on left and right manus or pes prints; successive pace lengths (i.e., R L R or L R L) form an angle that is measured as pace angulation.
The minimum and maximum distances between these villages were 9 and 32 km, respectively, measured as straight line distance between coordinates.
Currently LAMINA only returns a measure of the maximum (or user set) straight line distance between the leaf base and tip.
