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The ecosystem may need external inputs to recover its composition and function as soils are often impoverished and vegetal key stone species lost.
Important key stone species of fresh water environments are waterfleas (Daphnia: Crustacea).
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Results derived from MPAs, such as: (a) species or community trophic cascades, and (b) the role of key-stone species and species interaction strengths, are discussed.
Indeed, lemmings appear to possess a suite of functional traits that make them prime candidates of key-stone species for the ecological literature [ 22].
We therefore conclude that M. coquereli can be attributed the role of a "keystone (intraguild) predator" that controls the abundance of a primary consumer by preferential predation and/ or resource competition, which in turn is capable of excluding other species from the community (for the key-stone species concept see [ 78]).
European plum (Prunus domestica) is a commercially important stone fruit species.
Just a few years ago, sharka disease was also detected in North America, which is presently facing damage to selected but important stone fruit species [ 31].
Lithophilic ("stone-loving") species such as the South African rock scorpion (Hadogenes troglodytes) are found only on rocks.
Restoration of degraded Mediterranean areas often requires the reintroduction of key-stone woody species but the establishment of seedlings of native species is frequently poor.
Apricot, Prunus armeniaca L., is a stone-fruit species that is grown commercially worldwide in all temperate regions.
Within the genus Prunus, including stone-fruit species as peach, plum, apricot, almond and cherry, several agronomical reports describe male-sterile varieties at the morphological and histological level [ 19- 22].
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