Because real sequencing data involves stochastic sampling, the proportion of the reference allele observed was not always expected to be 0.5.
In addition, it seems that these values were much more stochastic with large proportions of very high LD that corresponded to non-significant associations.
For example, using this definition, we can state that women are shorter than men in a stochastic sense because the proportion of women is larger than the proportion of men among people of height ≤ z for each z.
Figure 5a shows that the proportion of stochastic models has increased steadily over time, and as Figure 6 illustrates, stochasticity was soon introduced (in 1997) [ 77] after publication of the first (deterministic) HCAI model.
The equivalent calculation of the mating advantage of large spores for trials in which the small spore was the focal cell is (again one-third of the matings are uninformative): Both formulae give an expected mating advantage of large spores between 0 and 1 (stochastic variation in the proportion of each type of mating could give values that exceed these bounds).
In this 'diffusion regime', light transport can be modeled as a diffusive process where photons behave as stochastic particles that move in proportion to a gradient, much like the bulk movement of molecules or heat.
This rendered the nonadditive genes that were specific to one allohexaploid line in only one generation (termed "stochastic nonadditive genes") a high proportion of the total non-additive genes, which comprised 81.5% and 77.5% in Allo-AT5 and Allo-AT9, respectively.
Stochastic simulations successfully realized different proportions of cells leading to different developmental pathways under the same experimental conditions, and provided testable predictions regarding the conditions and mechanisms to realize different differentiation pathways.
Our data show that most genes on the ancient part of the X are completely inactivated (1X-active), but loci on the recently added region showed stochastic escape (2X-active) in a proportion of cells.
Deterministic predictions can be obtained by using these functions to represent proportions of populations, while stochastic predictions can be obtained by using these functions to represent probabilities for individuals.
The archetypal epigenetic phenomenon of position effect variegation (PEV) in Drosophila occurs when a gene is brought abnormally close to heterochromatin, resulting in stochastic silencing of the affected gene in a proportion of cells that would normally express it.
