Figure 1 Time sequence diagram and phase diagram of model ( 4 ) without stochastic effects.
In addition, stochasticity can arise based on environmental changes or stochastic effects due to mutations.
Lipniacki, T., Hat, B., Faeder, J. R. & Hlavacek, W. S. Stochastic effects and bistability in T cell receptor signaling.
If the level Nc is relatively low, the cooperating phenotype at any given locus goes extinct frequently within the local interaction radius through stochastic effects.
Individual epidemics varied dramatically in size due to stochastic effects throughout the model.
Besides stochastic effects, impulsive effects also occur in real systems.
However, this method introduces stochastic effects to parameter estimates.
These contributions cover signaling pathways, stochastic effects, cell motility and mechanics, pattern formation processes, as well as multi-scale approaches.
Subjects include invasion dynamics, species interactions, population spread, long-distance dispersal, stochastic effects, risk analysis, and optimal responses to invaders.
Stochastic effects constitute another source of disturbances or uncertainties in real systems.
Consequently, it is of significant importance to study stochastic effects for the NNs.
