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Candidates from both parties have been talking increasingly about the need for economic stimulus to avoid a recession, and some have proposed plans to stem the tide of foreclosures.
Participants were asked to approach a stimulus, to avoid it, or remain neutral.
Some researchers have suggested that aversive stimulus like air puff may not exhibit negative value because monkeys can learn to blink or close their eyes to the conditioned stimulus to avoid the aversive stimulus [9], [34].
The stimulus amplitude was chosen to be 1.5 times the threshold voltage; pulse duration was 2 ms, using a bipolar stimulus to avoid deleterious electrochemical effects.
The Confidential Enquiry into Peri-operative Deaths focused attention on the importance of identifying deficiencies in standards of care; in addition, increasing litigation with expensive settlements provided an added stimulus to avoid problems caused by poor management or negligence [ 12].
Ten 51°C stimuli of approximately 800 ms duration (approximately 271 ms to reach peak temperature of 51°C and approximately 475 ms to return to baseline [total 746 ms]) and 7 s inter-stimulus interval were applied to the left volar forearm of the subject, and the thermode moved after each stimulus to avoid habituation.
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Fearlessness is a far-end point on the spectrum of what psychologists call the "approach and withdrawal dimension" — people's tendency to approach new stimuli (to gain information and acquire new skills) and withdraw from unfamiliar stimuli (to avoid danger).
The location of the impact on the skin was slightly shifted between two successive stimuli, to avoid the sensitization of the nociceptors.
If contiguous neighbors were tested with this protocol, tests were performed on different days and using different stimuli to avoid habituation.
Such plasticity may allow animals that are well fed to be very sensitive to noxious stimuli to avoid potentially harmful environments, while starving animals may not have the luxury of being so discriminatory; starved animals might take greater risks as they search for food in their environment [19].
Stimuli were delivered randomly, with intervals of 10 20 s between each consecutive pair of stimuli to avoid central habituation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com