For instance, even under constant stimuli, the activation of interferon pathways varies significantly among individual cells (Rand et al., 2014).
In the absence of any explicit predictive stimuli, the activation of DA neurons increased with the reward value of unpredicted liquids, suggesting absolute coding of reward magnitude, whereas explicit predictions about contextual probabilities of rewards led to adaptively scaled representations of reward magnitude.
The DNA damage is an obligatory stimulus for the activation of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (4).
CCNE1 amplification represents an oncogenic stimulus through the activation of the cell cycle and contributes to primary resistance to cisplatin.
Perception of an external stressful stimulus prompts the activation of various physiological systems that together define the body's stress response, which is aimed at re-establishing homeostasis.
Platelets contribute to arterial thrombosis in 5 main ways: adhesion to connective tissue surfaces; activation and granule release; platelet-platelet aggregation; thrombin generation because of a catalytic surface; and localization and stimulus for the activation of inflammatory cells.
On the other hand, chronic inflammation represents a stimulus for the activation of the stress response system (in particular, adrenal gland) and, over the long term, a subclinical hypofunction of the adrenal glands.
Noxious stimulus induces the activation of specialized nociceptors and is transmitted via primary afferent fibers to synapses in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, mainly, via the hypogastric plexus and pudendal nerves.
The BAFF/BAFFR signaling system provides a strong stimulus for the activation of noncanonical NF-κB pathway and also stimulates additional survival pathways, including the canonical NF-κB and PI3 kinase pathways [ 13, 14, 149].
Changes in mechanical stiffness and in release of growth factors from inflammatory cells can be the initial stimulus for the activation of resident tissue fibroblasts, with formation of contractile actin stress fibers and firm attachment via fibroblast integrins to the ECM [ 71, 72].
