Both behavioral and cerebral effects are specific to the voluntary control of social motivational behavior, being present when participants are asked to explicitly evaluate the emotional valence of the faces (AA task) and disappearing when participants evaluated an emotionally irrelevant feature of the visual stimuli (gender evaluation task, GE task) (Roelofs, Minelli, et al. 2009).
While initial neuroimaging studies have provisionally identified activation in the prefrontal (including the anterior cingulate) and parietal regions during lying, the robustness of this neuroanatomical pattern of activation across forms of stimuli, genders, and mother tongues remains to be demonstrated.
For the summation model, we simply added a parameter for the interaction of stimulus-gender and stimulus-age.
Findings indicate that bilateral activation of prefrontal and parietal regions was invariant across stimulus types, genders, and mother tongues, suggesting the general importance of these regions during malingering and possibly deception in general.
However, if faces of different genders occupy differing portions of a single face space, then it becomes important to determine whether gender-related effects in specific experiments can be accounted for simply by greater separation in face space between stimuli differing in gender than between stimuli of the same gender.
The piloerection incidence was analyzed for correlation with gender, stimulus selection (pre-selected vs. self-selected), stimulus type (music track vs. film audio track), and stimulus familiarity (unfamiliar vs. familiar) by means of χ-tests.
Critically, this double dissociation across subjects was not determined by handedness or any of our other variables (age, gender, stimulus set).
In the 50- to 200-ms period, ERPs were more positive for the natural stimuli in the categorization task, but more positive for the artifactual stimuli in the gender decision task.
The human visual system effortlessly and automatically extracts a wealth of information from face stimuli, including identity, gender, expression, race, age, and a host of other properties.
In contrast, the SNR for face stimuli showed clear gender effects in V1 and FG.
