Hypoxia causes oxidative stress, a strong stimulus for ER stress (28, 33), and ROS increase phosphorylation of PERK, and thus of eIF2α (18).
A second stimulus for the stress responses may be a consequence of oxidative stress due to the production of reactive oxygen species by the host's immune cells.
The third stimulus for the stress responses could have arisen from the lengthy purification process used to extricate the organisms from host lung tissue [64], [65].
After any injury, a number of stimuli (for example, stress, mechanical forces, bacterial invasion, fluid loss) become factors in the regulation of the wound healing process.
Although we focus primarily on mechanical deformation (i.e., strain) as a stimulus for collagen remodelling, stress-driven remodelling laws are addressed as well, inspired by studies of Olsen et al. (1999), Baek et al. (2006) and Hariton et al. (2006) who consider stress-induced alignment of collagen fibers in wound healing and arterial walls.
Participation in multiple response programs, depending on the stimulus, is characteristic for stress-response genes, which are not usually specialized for particular kind of stress [ 43].
However, activation of this system to stress levels by stimuli that should be subthreshold for stress reactivity would be disruptive.
The latter suggestion is in agreement with the significant enrichment for stress and stress stimuli responsive genes in the GO analyses of genes that are highly variable between the two replicates of the AtCHR23 over-expressing line grown in long-day conditions (Additional file 1: Figure S4).
ESRD may create a potent stress and stimulus for pica, especially in those patients with an underlying cultural predisposition [ 1].
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) may constitute a potent stress and stimulus for pica, which is quite common among dialysis patients [ 1].
