We suggest that insect classical conditioning involves the formation of two kinds of memory traces, which match to stimulus-stimulus connection and stimulus-response connection.
The former is called 'stimulus-response connection' and the latter is called 'stimulus-stimulus connection' by theorists studying classical conditioning in higher vertebrates.
This is the first study to suggest that classical conditioning in insects involves, as does classical conditioning in higher vertebrates, the formation of stimulus-stimulus connection and its activation for memory recall, which are often called cognitive processes.
Our model predicts that pharmacological blockade of octopamine or dopamine receptors during the first stage of second-order conditioning does not impair second-order conditioning, because it impairs the formation of the stimulus-response connection but not the stimulus-stimulus connection.
During the stimulus, the connection from right to left vanishes, while the connection from left to right significantly decreases.
He further developed these ideas in Principles of Behavior (1943), which suggested that the stimulus-response connection depends on both the kind and the amount of reinforcement.
The present article will introduce various design strategies for different types of physical (light, temperature, magnetism) and chemical (pH, metal ions, anion, small organic molecules, enzymes) stimuli in connection with drug and indicator release.
Before the stimulus, the connections from left ro right and right to left have very similar distribution, with such a large error over the 40 experiments that it makes the result inconclusive.
Habits were depicted as stimulus-response connections based on reward.
In the 1940s, the psychologist Edward C. Tolman used rats in mazes to demonstrate that "learning consists not in stimulus-response connections but in the building up in the nervous system of sets which function like cognitive maps".
